Foods That Increase Sperm Volume: A Fertility Nutrition Guide

Written By The Mr. Fertyl Research & Education Team

Talking about male fertility shouldn’t feel taboo – in fact, it’s an important aspect of men’s health and even sustainability. Sperm volume (the amount of semen per ejaculation) is one factor linked to fertility, and it can be influenced by diet and lifestyle. Fortunately, there are foods rich in key nutrients that can help support sperm production and volume. In this guide, we’ll explore fertility-friendly foods and nutrients (like zinc, selenium, L-carnitine, antioxidants, omega-3s, and folate) and also touch on habits to avoid. We’ll keep it friendly and science-backed – making it comfortable to read – and we’ll even show how lifestyle choices (like breathable, toxin-free underwear) play a role. (Yes, even your choice of underwear – such as our Bamboo Lyocell line – can complement your nutrition efforts by keeping things cool and healthy down there.) Let’s dive in!

Nutrients for Sperm Health (and the Foods That Provide Them)

Research shows that improving your nutrition can improve overall sperm health [1]. A balanced, nutrient-rich diet helps ensure the body has the building blocks for optimal semen production. Key nutrients to focus on include:

  • Zinc: This mineral is perhaps the star of male fertility nutrients. Zinc is concentrated in the male reproductive system and is crucial for sperm production and maturation. Studies have found that infertile men often have lower zinc levels in their semen than fertile men [3]. Encouragingly, zinc supplementation can significantly increase semen volume, sperm motility, and normal sperm morphology in subfertile men [3]. Foods high in zinc – most famously oysters – have long been touted as fertility boosters. Oysters are packed with zinc and have been linked to increased testosterone and sperm production [2]. If oysters aren’t your thing, other zinc-rich foods include pumpkin seeds, beef, and beans [2]. Pumpkin seeds in particular are an easy snack that provide not only zinc but also magnesium and healthy fats.
  • Selenium: Selenium is a potent antioxidant mineral that protects sperm from oxidative damage. It’s also required for spermatogenesis (the production of sperm in the testes) [10]. A selenium deficiency can impair sperm quality (affecting motility and shape). The Brazil nut is famously rich in selenium – just a couple of Brazil nuts a day can provide far above the daily selenium requirement. Other sources include walnuts, fish, eggs, and whole grains. In one clinical study, selenium supplementation (200 µg/day for 6 months) improved sperm concentration and motility in men with low selenium status [11]. While you might not need supplements if you eat selenium-rich foods, it underscores selenium’s importance. Just remember not to overdo it – a few Brazil nuts a week is plenty, as extremely high selenium intake isn’t beneficial.
  • L-Carnitine: Carnitine is an amino-acid-like compound that plays a key role in energy metabolism – sperm cells use a lot of energy, so this nutrient is thought to be beneficial. Some evidence shows L-carnitine supplementation can improve sperm motility (the ability of sperm to swim) [1]. Your body makes carnitine, but it’s also found in foods like red meat, dairy, and avocado. While you might not find carnitine listed on nutrition labels, diets including moderate portions of lean red meat (or taking carnitine supplements if advised by a doctor) could support sperm energy. As always, moderation is key – a balanced diet is better than excess meat. Plant-based eaters can obtain carnitine in smaller amounts from foods like tempeh, asparagus, and whole grains.
  • Antioxidants (Vitamin C, Vitamin E, CoQ10, etc): Antioxidants help neutralize oxidative stress – an enemy of sperm. Oxidative stress can damage sperm DNA and reduce sperm count/motility, and it’s considered one of the main causes of male infertility [10]. Eating plenty of fruits and vegetables, especially those high in antioxidants, can protect sperm from this damage [1]. For example, dark leafy greens (like spinach, kale) are rich in folate and vitamin C; berries (blueberries, strawberries) are loaded with vitamin C and other antioxidants; pomegranate juice is rich in polyphenols. In fact, pomegranate has been studied for its fertility benefits – research has shown pomegranate juice may help boost sperm count and quality [2]. Another delicious source of antioxidants is dark chocolate (in moderation) – it contains an antioxidant called L-arginine which some say can improve volume by promoting blood flow. One more: tomatoes are high in lycopene, an antioxidant that has been linked to improved sperm morphology and activity in some studies. The bottom line is: eat the rainbow of fruits and veggies to get a broad spectrum of antioxidants that benefit not just sperm volume, but overall sperm health.
  • Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Omega-3s, found in fatty fish and some plant sources, are known for their anti-inflammatory properties and role in cell membranes. Sperm cell membranes (and the membranes of the sperm-producing tubes in the testes) rely on healthy fats like omega-3s to maintain integrity and fluidity [10]. Diets rich in omega-3 fatty acids are associated with better sperm quality and even stability of the sperm’s mitochondria (energy-producing organelles) [12]. A great (and vegetarian-friendly) source of omega-3s is walnuts – and walnuts have human data to support them: in a randomized trial, young men who added 75g of walnuts per day to their diet saw improvements in sperm vitality, motility, and morphology [5]. Other omega-3 sources include salmon, sardines, chia seeds, and flaxseeds. Including these in your weekly diet (for example, fish twice a week, or a daily handful of walnuts) can help ensure you get enough omega-3s to support sperm volume and quality.
  • Folate (Vitamin B9): We often hear about folate for women’s prenatal health, but it’s important for men too. Folate is involved in DNA synthesis and cell division – processes that are critical in the production of sperm. Dark leafy greens (spinach, Swiss chard, etc.) are excellent natural sources of folate, as are beans, lentils, avocados, and broccoli. Higher folate status in men has been associated with better sperm DNA stability and possibly fewer chromosomal abnormalities in sperm [13]. Conversely, folate deficiency might contribute to sperm DNA damage. Some studies – particularly in subfertile men – have shown that supplementing folic acid along with zinc can increase sperm count and concentration [7]. For example, a clinical trial in men with low fertility found that taking 5 mg folic acid plus 66 mg zinc daily for 6 months increased sperm count by 74% in the subfertile group [7]. However, results have been mixed in larger trials (one large NIH-funded study didn’t find a significant benefit of folate+zinc on pregnancy outcomes) [7]. Still, ensuring you get enough folate from food is a smart move for overall reproductive health. A big spinach salad or a side of steamed broccoli are easy ways to get folate – and they come with other antioxidants too, making them fertility double-whammies.
  • Other Notables: Vitamin D (from fortified dairy, eggs, or sunlight exposure) is being studied for male fertility – some research suggests low vitamin D is linked to poorer sperm motility. Vitamin B12 (found in meat, fish, and eggs) is another nutrient essential for sperm production; deficiency can lead to low count. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), an antioxidant found in meat, fish, and nuts (and also available as a supplement), has shown improvements in sperm density and motility in some trials [10]. The key message: a diet with a variety of whole foods – plenty of vegetables, fruits, nuts, seeds, whole grains, and lean proteins – will naturally provide these vitamins and antioxidants that contribute to higher sperm volume and fertility. This pattern aligns closely with the Mediterranean diet, which is often recommended for men trying to conceive [1].
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Top Fertility Foods to Boost Sperm Volume

Let’s highlight some all-star foods that incorporate the nutrients above. Adding these to your grocery list can give your fertility a natural boost:

  • Oysters: As mentioned, oysters are legendary for male fertility. Per serving, oysters contain more zinc than any other food – about 5-7 times the daily value in just 6 oysters. This hefty zinc dose supports testosterone production and sperm count [2]. Oysters also provide selenium and vitamin B12. If raw oysters on the half shell aren’t your style, you can try cooked oysters or at least ensure you eat other zinc-rich foods (like red meat or pumpkin seeds) regularly.
  • Pumpkin Seeds: These little green seeds are a great snack for men’s health. Pumpkin seeds are high in zinc, with about 7mg per 100g (along with lots of magnesium, which supports testosterone). They also contain antioxidants like vitamin E. Munching on a handful of pumpkin seeds or sprinkling them on salads or oatmeal is an easy way to work toward better sperm parameters. (Fun fact: Pumpkin seeds have been used in some traditional remedies for male fertility – modern science backs up that the zinc in them is likely a key reason.)
  • Dark Leafy Greens: Foods like spinach, kale, Swiss chard, collard greens are rich in folate as well as vitamin C and beta-carotene (antioxidants). Folate aids in proper sperm cell division, and antioxidants help protect sperm from damage. A study on diet and sperm found that men who ate the most leafy green veggies had higher sperm concentrations and motility than those who ate the least [9]. Try incorporating a spinach salad a few times a week, adding greens to your smoothie, or swapping in kale as a side dish. Your sperm may thank you for the vitamin boost!
  • Brazil Nuts: As noted, Brazil nuts are selenium superstars. Just 2–3 Brazil nuts can supply over 100 µg of selenium (exceeding 100% DV). Selenium is integrated into selenoproteins that protect developing sperm from oxidative stress [14]. Some fertility specialists actually recommend a couple of Brazil nuts per day for men during pre-conception. Besides selenium, Brazil nuts have zinc, vitamin E, and healthy fats, making them a fertility-friendly snack – but stick to a few per day to avoid excessive selenium.
  • Walnuts: Walnuts deserve a second mention (besides omega-3 content) because of the clinical evidence behind them. They contain plant-based omega-3 (ALA), vitamin E, and folate – a combo that appears to improve several sperm health metrics. In a UCLA study, healthy men who added walnuts daily had increased sperm vitality and motility after 12 weeks [5]. Walnuts also improved the men’s sperm morphology (normal shape) compared to those who didn’t eat nuts. As one of the researchers put it, walnuts might help “turn on” the body’s natural fertility engines by providing crucial fatty acids and antioxidants [5]. An ounce of walnuts a day (about a handful) is a great target. They’re easy to toss into yogurt, cereal, or trail mix.
  • Eggs: Eggs are known as a protein powerhouse, but they also contain nutrients beneficial for sperm: vitamins B12, D, and E, as well as some selenium and zinc. Notably, eggs provide a concentrated source of choline (important for cell membrane integrity) and a small amount of omega-3 if they are pasture-raised. There’s interesting data linking egg consumption to semen volume – one observational study suggested that men who ate eggs daily had significantly higher semen volume (average ~4.0 mL) compared to men who rarely ate eggs (~3.1 mL) [6]. The idea is that the protein and nutrients in eggs help support the fluid and sperm production. So, enjoying an egg for breakfast isn’t just good for your muscles, it might also help fill up the fertility tank. (Just prepare eggs in healthy ways – e.g., boiled or poached rather than heavily fried in butter – to keep the meal nutritious.)
  • Pomegranate Juice: Pomegranates have been revered as a symbol of fertility for centuries, and modern science suggests it’s not just myth. Pomegranate juice is loaded with polyphenol antioxidants which improve blood flow and combat oxidative stress. Studies – including animal models and some human trials – have found that pomegranate can increase sperm count and motility, likely by elevating testosterone and antioxidant capacity in the testes [2]. For instance, one study saw rats given pomegranate juice daily had significantly higher sperm counts than control rats. In men, a small trial found improved sperm quality after consuming pomegranate juice regularly. While more research is needed, pomegranate juice (100% juice, no added sugar) is a delicious way to get extra antioxidants. Try a small glass a few times a week, or use pomegranate juice as the liquid base in a fruit smoothie. It could give your sperm a sweet boost. (Bonus: Pomegranate is heart-healthy too, so it’s a win-win.)

Of course, many other foods are beneficial – this is not an exhaustive list. Lentils and beans provide plant protein and folate, berries and citrus fruits provide vitamin C, avocados give you vitamin E and healthy fats, and lean meats or fish supply protein and B12. The goal is to have a diet that includes a variety of whole foods, emphasizing those packed with the nutrients discussed. If you do that, you’re creating an internal environment conducive to sperm production. In the words of Cleveland Clinic’s fertility specialists, what’s good for overall health tends to be good for sperm health too [1].

Foods and Habits That May Hinder Sperm Volume

Just as important as what to eat is what to avoid (or at least limit). Some foods and lifestyle choices can hurt sperm production or reduce semen volume. Here are a few things to be mindful of:

  • Processed Meats: Diets heavy in processed meats (bacon, hot dogs, salami, sausage, etc.) have been linked to lower semen quality. These foods are high in saturated fat and often contain additives or hormones that may negatively impact fertility. One review noted that high intake of processed red meat correlates with poorer sperm morphology and count [9]. It’s wise to cut back on processed meats and choose lean, unprocessed protein sources instead (for example, swap pepperoni for grilled chicken, or have fish instead of bacon). This doesn’t mean you can never have a hot dog at a ballgame – just keep such foods occasional. Your overall dietary pattern matters more than any single meal.
  • Excess Alcohol: The occasional beer or glass of wine is usually fine, but heavy alcohol use is a known fertility risk factor. High alcohol intake can lower testosterone levels and reduce sperm counts [8]. It can also lead to problems like impaired liver function that indirectly hurt reproductive health. Doctors typically advise men to moderate their drinking when trying to conceive. The Mayo Clinic suggests no more than 1–2 drinks per day for men [8] – and “binge” drinking (having many drinks in one sitting) is especially harmful for sperm. In fact, one study found that even in healthy young men, those who drank more heavily had significantly lower semen volume and total sperm count than light or moderate drinkers. So, enjoy alcohol infrequently and in modest amounts. And remember that what’s healthy for your sperm (moderation) is also healthier for your long-term wellbeing.
  • High Heat Exposure: Sperm are best produced at a temperature slightly below core body temperature – that’s why the testicles hang outside the body. Frequently exposing them to heat can reduce sperm production and volume. Sources of heat include hot tubs, saunas, very hot baths, or placing laptops directly on the lap for long periods. A meta-analysis of studies on heat exposure found that high ambient temperatures significantly decrease semen volume, sperm count, concentration, and motility [4]. Even a fever can temporarily lower sperm counts. It appears that chronic heat stress on the testes impairs both the sperm output and the fluid volume from organs like the seminal vesicles. Another study from Harvard showed men who mostly wore tight underwear (which can raise scrotal temperature) had lower sperm concentration and counts than men who wore looser boxers [15]. The takeaway: keep things cool “down there.” If you’re trying to maximize fertility, skip the daily hot tub soaks, take breaks from that heated car seat, and maybe switch the snug briefs for more breathable boxers. (We’ll talk more in a moment about the role of underwear.)
  • Smoking and Toxins: Cigarette smoking is very detrimental to sperm. Toxins in smoke generate oxidative stress and DNA damage in sperm, leading to lower counts and motility. Smokers are significantly more likely to have low sperm volume and count than non-smokers [8]. Secondhand smoke may also have effects. Other environmental toxins like pesticides, heavy metals (lead, cadmium), and exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (like BPA from plastics) have been linked to fertility problems [9]. While you can’t avoid every environmental exposure, do what you can: quit smoking (there are many resources to help, and your whole body will thank you), avoid or protect yourself when handling chemicals (use gloves, ventilation, etc.), and choose organic produce when possible to reduce pesticide ingestion. Even simple steps like not heating food in plastic containers (to avoid leaching chemicals) can be helpful when you’re optimizng fertility.
  • Excess Soy and Estrogenic Foods: This is a bit controversial, but some studies suggest that very high intake of soy foods (which contain plant estrogens) might slightly lower sperm concentration or inhibit sperm function in men [9]. Eating normal amounts of soy (like some tofu or edamame) is likely not an issue for most men – in Asian countries where soy is common, men don’t have notably worse fertility. But if you’re consuming large quantities of soy protein isolates or soy-heavy diets and experiencing fertility issues, it might be worth moderating and diversifying your protein sources. Additionally, junk foods that contain certain food additives or high levels of trans fats could have estrogenic or hormone-disrupting effects. Overall, focus on whole, minimally processed foods and you’ll naturally steer clear of many questionable additives.
  • Sugar and Processed Junk: Diets high in added sugars and refined carbs can contribute to weight gain and insulin resistance, which in turn harm hormone balance and sperm production. There’s evidence that men with diets full of sugary drinks, sweets, and refined grains have worse sperm motility and count than men who eat more balanced diets [1][9]. High sugar intake might also promote inflammation and oxidative stress. Try to satisfy your sweet tooth with whole fruits instead of candy, and choose complex carbs (like oats, quinoa, sweet potatoes) over refined ones. This will keep your blood sugar steadier and support healthier fertility metabolism.

In short, a fertility-friendly diet is about adding the good stuff and cutting back on the bad. Aim to eat natural, nutrient-dense foods while limiting processed, chemical-laden ones. Stay hydrated (semen is primarily a fluid, after all – dehydration can reduce semen volume). And moderate your vices (smoking, heavy drinking) for the sake of those little swimmers. These changes not only boost sperm volume and quality, but they’ll likely make you feel better overall.

Lifestyle Matters: Keeping Things Cool (and Sustainable)

Beyond diet, a few lifestyle tweaks can meaningfully impact male fertility – particularly when it comes to temperature and toxins. We touched on heat exposure above; now let’s talk solutions. One often overlooked factor is what you wear. Tight or non-breathable underwear can raise scrotal temperature, which may impair sperm production over time [16]. Think about it: if you’re wearing synthetic, non-breathable briefs that keep everything very snug and warm, you could be undoing some of the benefits of that healthy diet. Sperm are temperature-sensitive. Keeping the testicles cool (around 94°F/34°C, a few degrees cooler than core body temp) is essential for optimal sperm output.

This is where Mr. Fertyl’s Bamboo Lyocell underwear comes into play. These aren’t your ordinary boxers – they’re designed with male fertility in mind. Bamboo Lyocell is a fabric made from bamboo fiber through an eco-friendly process. It’s incredibly soft, breathable, and moisture-wicking, acting like a natural thermostat for your groin region. By wicking away sweat and allowing air circulation, bamboo underwear helps maintain a cooler temperature and avoids trapping excess heat. In warm weather, it keeps you cool and dry; in cooler weather, it’s still cozy without overheating. The breathability can prevent that “sauna effect” you get with cheap polyester briefs – no one wants a swampy situation down there, especially not your sperm cells.

Equally important, Mr. Fertyl’s underwear is toxin-free – meaning the fabric is OEKO-TEX certified (free from harmful chemicals and dyes) and bamboo itself is grown without harsh pesticides. Why does this matter? Well, we just discussed how environmental toxins and chemical exposure can harm sperm. Wearing toxin-free underwear ensures you’re not subjecting a very sensitive part of your body to residues of formaldehyde, azo dyes, or other chemicals that some textiles carry. It’s a small but meaningful way to reduce daily exposure to endocrine disruptors. Plus, bamboo’s natural antibacterial properties keep things fresh, reducing the need for any anti-odor chemical treatments.

Let’s also consider sustainability. Part of normalizing fertility health is recognizing it as one aspect of overall wellness – and many men today care about the planet’s health, too. Bamboo is one of the most sustainable resources: it grows extremely fast, uses minimal water, and doesn’t require replanting or heavy pesticides. By choosing bamboo-based clothing, you’re supporting eco-friendly practices. Mr. Fertyl’s focus on Bamboo Lyocell means you can boost your fertility without leaving a giant ecological footprint. It’s a nice feeling when your personal health choices align with your environmental values.

Now, you might be thinking: “Does underwear really make a difference?” Fair question. While switching underwear alone won’t turn infertile men into dads overnight, it can be one important piece of the puzzle. Medical experts do often recommend loose, breathable underwear for men facing fertility challenges, as a no-regrets measure to optimize scrotal temperature. The previously mentioned Harvard study found a notable difference in sperm counts between men wearing boxers vs. tight briefs [15]. And many fertility doctors will tell men to avoid prolonged hot tub use and wear boxers as part of a holistic approach. Wearing our fertility-focused underwear is simply taking that age-old boxers advice and upgrading it: you get the looseness of a boxer brief and the advanced cooling fabric of bamboo. It’s a one-two combo for keeping things cool.

Perhaps just as importantly, choosing a product like this can have a psychological benefit. It signals that you’re proactively taking care of your reproductive health. That mindset shift – being open about fertility, investing in it, and not feeling embarrassed – is huge. It helps normalize the conversation around male fertility. Rather than secretly worrying about sperm count, you’re openly doing something about it (even if it’s as simple as changing underwear brands). And unlike many men’s products out there that are all about macho testosterone boosting, Mr. Fertyl’s approach is refreshingly different: it’s about fertility and healthy sperm, not just T-levels. This distinction matters. While testosterone is important for male reproduction, flooding your body with testosterone supplements or “T-boosting” herbs isn’t necessarily the answer – especially if your T levels are already normal. In fact, external testosterone (like steroid use) can reduce sperm production because it signals the body to produce less internally. Fertility is more complex than one hormone; it’s about the whole system functioning optimally. Mr. Fertyl recognizes this, focusing on creating a supportive environment for natural sperm production (through comfortable, cool, non-toxic underwear and likely other fertility-oriented products) rather than a one-dimensional focus on testosterone. It’s a smarter, more holistic philosophy that sets us apart from many competitors.

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Bringing It All Together

Improving sperm volume and fertility is a multi-factorial effort – there’s no single magic food or pill, but rather a combination of healthy choices that, together, can make a big difference. Adopting a nutrient-rich diet loaded with fertility-friendly foods will supply the raw materials and antioxidants needed for robust sperm production. At the same time, cutting out harmful habits (like smoking, excessive drinking, and junk food) will remove obstacles that might be holding your sperm back. Layer on smart lifestyle tweaks – such as keeping your testes cool with breathable, sustainable underwear – and you’re creating an environment where your sperm can truly thrive.

Most importantly, don’t be shy about prioritizing your reproductive health. It’s completely normal and laudable for a man to take interest in his fertility. Whether you’re actively trying to become a dad, or you just want to ensure all systems are in top shape for the future, paying attention to nutrition and lifestyle now will pay dividends. And if you’re already dealing with fertility challenges, remember that you’re not alone – male factors contribute to infertility in about half of couples [1], and there’s a growing community and body of knowledge to help. Talking about it openly – with partners, doctors, even friends – can help demystify and destigmatize the topic.

By embracing a fertility-focused diet and making eco-conscious lifestyle choices, you’re not only boosting your chances of conception, but also improving your health for the long run. The fact that you can do this while supporting sustainable products (like Mr. Fertyl’s Bamboo Lyocell underwear) is a great bonus – it’s good for you and the planet. So go ahead, open up that dozen of oysters (or bag of pumpkin seeds if you prefer), toss on our comfiest bamboo underwear, and feel confident that you’re doing something positive for your fertility. Here’s to normalizing the conversation around male fertility and taking proactive steps, in nutrition and lifestyle, to support it!

  1. Cleveland Clinic. (2019, Feb 14). Struggling to Become a Father? What You Eat May Matter. Cleveland Clinic Health Essentials. Source.
  2. Urology Care Foundation. (2016). The Two ‘Dirty Dozens’ and Fertility Boosting Foods. UrologyHealth Magazine, Spring 2016. Source.
  3. Xu, W., Zhao, M., Zheng, L., et al. (2016). Zinc levels in seminal plasma and their correlation with male infertility: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific Reports, 6, 22386. Source.
  4. Hoang-Thi, A.P., Dang-Thi, A.T., Phan-Van, S., et al. (2022). The Impact of High Ambient Temperature on Human Sperm Parameters: A Meta-Analysis. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 51(4), 710-723. Source.
  5. Robbins, W.A., Xun, L., FitzGerald, L.Z., et al. (2012). Walnuts improve semen quality in men consuming a Western-style diet: Randomized control dietary intervention trial. Biology of Reproduction, 87(4), 101. Source.
  6. Mai, H., Ke, J., Zheng, Z., et al. (2023). Association of diet and lifestyle factors with semen quality in male partners of Chinese couples preparing for pregnancy. Reproductive Health, 20(1), 173. Source.
  7. Raman, R. (2021, Jan 4). Folic Acid for Men: Benefits, Side Effects, and More. Healthline. Source.
  8. Mayo Clinic Staff. (n.d.). Healthy sperm: Improving your fertility. MayoClinic.org. Source.
  9. McDonald, E. K. (2018, Dec 10). Don’t make the mistake of letting a diet kill sperm. UChicago Medicine – Health & Wellness. Source.
  10. Warner, C. (n.d.). The effect of nutrients and dietary supplements on sperm quality parameters. Facts About Fertility. Source.
  11. Alahmar, A. T. (2023). The effect of selenium therapy on semen parameters, antioxidant capacity, and sperm DNA fragmentation in men with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratospermia. Biological Trace Element Research, 201(12), 5671–5676. Source.
  12. Yuan, C., Wang, J., & Lu, W. (2023). Regulation of semen quality by fatty acids in diets, extender, and semen. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 10, Article 1119153. Source.
  13. Hoek, J., Steegers‑Theunissen, R. P. M., Willemsen, S. P., & Schoenmakers, S. (2020). Paternal folate status and sperm quality, pregnancy outcomes, and epigenetics: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 64(9), Article e1900696. Source.
  14. Pharma Nord. (2016, October 3). Improved sperm quality with selenium and CoQ10. Pharma Nord. Source.
  15. Mínguez‑Alarcón, L., Gaskins, A. J., Chiu, Y.‑H., Messerlian, C., Williams, P. L., Ford, J. B., … Chavarro, J. E. (2018). Type of underwear worn and markers of testicular function among men attending a fertility center. Human Reproduction, 33(9), 1749–1756. Source.
  16. Jung, A., Leonhardt, F., Schill, W.-B., & Schuppe, H.-C. (2005). Influence of the type of undertrousers and physical activity on scrotal temperature. Human Reproduction, 20(4), 1022–1027. Source.